Introduction of
internet Internet – internet is large computer network or network of
networks. The internet brings the outside world to your desktop in your home or
your office .The internet is a global network made up of thousands of networks
that communicate with each others. The internet is thus a network of thousands
of computer networks. Every network and every computer in these network
exchange information according to certain rules called, protocols. These
different computers and different networks are united with the common thread of
two Protocols. That is I.P. Internet Protocol and TCP Transmission control
protocol.
Growth
and owners of the Internet –the internet started as a U.S. government project in the
year 1960, called the ARPANET. The ARPANET reached universities, Research
laborites and some military labs. In the early year 1990 commercial networks
with their own internet exchanges or gateways were allowed to conduct business
on the internet and in 1993 the NSF created the inter NIC to provide internet
services.
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Characteristics of the internet
1. A
complex network – internet is a complex network because it is a network of
networks that comprises over 150 million computers
2. Disorganized – the
internet can be confusing even for experienced users.
3. A decentralized system- millions of
individual networks and over 140 million individual computers connected through
the world so that it is not centralized.
4. Widely
used – more than 147 million people used internet over 40 million of whom
use it daily
5. International
is scope – internet is a global network that is accessed by people in
approximately 140 countries people in over 155 countries used internet for
electronic mail
6. Dynamic
– changing every minute of every day makes internet dynamic. On an average a
new network is connected to the internet every 30 minutes
7. Composed
of billions of files –files containing thousand of subjects are available
in different file format in internet. 8.
Expending exponentially – the internet is growing @ of 12% per month
Anatomy of internet- anatomy refers to the study of structure of the
internet. While studying the structure of internet it can be said that the
internet is a network of computer networks. It brings together these computers
through the communication media and Protocols. It also enables the commuter to
communicate with each other. A study of the internet outlines the following
major components of the structure of the internet.
1. Internet services
2. Elements Of Internet
3. URL uniform resource locater
4. IP Internet protocol
1.
I P address- internet protocol—IP is a
method by which data is sent form one computer to another computer over the
network. Each computer on the internet has at least one IP address that
uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the internet. When you sent
or receive data the message gets divided into little chunks called packets.
Each packet contains the sender’s internet address and receiver’s address. IP
defines the format of packets and provides an addressing system.
32 bit IP address
broken up into four octets.\
192.168.1.160
192.168.1 .160
Network address Host
address
11000000,10101000, 0000001,10100000
IP address has tow Portions
1. Host
address
2. Network
address
Network address are almost
some but host address must be unique of
all machine
The maximum Number each octets have is 255
therefore lowest addresses can be 0
For example 0.0.0.0 -lowest
255.255.255.255highest
2.URL uniform resource locator _ URL is the address of specific webpage or file on the internet. For e.g. the
URL of NIELIT website is http://www.nielit.gov.in/shimla you
can enter a URL by typing it in the address bar of your web browser. The URL
divided in different parts for example
http:// - transfer protocol
www.- world wild web
nielit.gov.in –server name/domain with suffix (.in-suffix)
course/olevel.pdf – path of file
Domain name- domain name are used to identify http://www.nielit.gov.in domain
name is nielit every domain name has a suffix that indicates which top level
domain it belongs. There are the following examples of Domain suffix.
Gov- govt. agency
.edu - educational institute
.com – commercial website
.net – network organization
.org – nonprofit organization
.in – top level domain which
provide by govt. of India
3.Elements of the internet- internet includes client P.C.
server computers and network.
1) Client P.C. – client P.c’s are the computers
that request information form server, client computer typically maintained part
time connections if your personal computers has access to the internet it is
called light computer.
2) Server computer- these are powerful computer with a full time internet
connection and can provide data to multiple client computer simultaneously.
3) Network –networks are composed of one or
more server computers and multiple clients.
History of world wide web –
the world wide web is a global information system i.e. the fasters growing area
of the internet. over four hundred (400) million formatted document known as
web pages are linked via hyper text on the world wide web. The web like all
internet service is based on the interaction and transfer of data between
server computers and your .C.’s
Elements of
the webs
1.Web browser- na web
browser is a software application on your .C. that can display text, images and
multimedia data found on different web pages. It allows you to specific a web
page, navigate using links and bookmark your favorite web page. The commonly
used web Browser’s are internet explorer and, M.S. Chrome.
2. Web Page - a
web page is a subset of a complete website for e.g. a complete novel is a
example of website and individual page inside the novel are the example
webpage. A website can consist few web pages or many hundreds of web pages.
Basic Internet
Terminologies .
1.IP (Internet
Protocol) – IP is a internet protocol responsible for the addressing and
sending data from one computer to another computer .
2. IIS(Internet Information Server) - IIS is group of internet servers.
3.TCP(Transmission
Control Protocol)-it uses a set of rules to exchanges messages with each
other internet points.
4. ISP(Internet
Service Provider) – an internet service provider or ISP is gateway to the internet. In most
cases you
connect to an IS. our modem connects to a single modem among
a bank of modem at your IS. This is call a dialup connection.
Netiquette –
netiquette is a collection of rules, standards that distinct the internet from
traditional form of communication such as telephone conversion, face to face
meeting and paper based letters. It helps you to avoid misunderstanding that
may rise during traditional communication medium by using internet Services
like e-mail, chat and video calling etc.
Types of Netiquette
1. Good Netiquette-
communication that don’t waste users time are called wood net equity
2. Poor Netiquette
– poor netiquette have following parts
i.
poor program and spelling grammar error
ii.
junk mails
iii.
Harsh
language
Internet
Applications – Until early 90’s the internet was largely populated by
academic, government and industrial researchers. The new application like World
Wide Web changed all that and brought million of new users to the internet. By
clicking on a link the users is moved to the page pointed by that link. So many
kinds of pages come into existence in a very short time. Now with the web
browser the accessibility of internet is much easier and a new application
called net commerce is emerging very fast.
1) Commerce on the
internet ( which is also called not commerce) the ability to compose, send and
receive electronic mail is helpful in doing business on the internet many
people use email as the primary way of interacting with the outside world. The
message becomes available to the addresses as soon as it is sent. Another
method of doing business on the internet is setting up a website where you
display all you’re products, Services and any other facilities available with
you. The web suffur can get all the information from your website and put
his/her query on a form.
2) Shopping online-
online shopping is possible on the internet these days. By selling and
purchasing items over the internet, companies save money on hiring shop
workers. Moreover people can make purchases sitting at home. The advantage for
the buyers is that , the internet shops sell their products at much lower
price. Buyers are able to buy many different variety of Items without getting
stranded at a busy shopping centre.
3) Government on the
internet- internet is being used for holding meeting with district
magistrate and other people in other authority. Chief executive officers these
days holds video
conference over the internet with their join offers. This
called net meeting. It helps in fast communication of decisions
·
Reports – several
financial and other types of reports transferred from one department to anther
department through the internet since any information residing on database can
be transferred via internet.
4) Online registration
– many universities and institution provide training and used online
registration form. Thus students don’t waste time to send the form by normal
postal services
Impact of Internet
on Society – the internet has caused a great revolution in the society.
Allowing people from all over the world to communicate their idea’s and
feeling. The internet has also a changed the way society treats people. There
are many changes to society because of the internet some of the changes on the
society are given followings
(Positive)
1. Working
from home – the workplace is becoming stressful for many people. The
internet offers an alternative way to working from home. Businessmen outsource
work and enable their staff to work at home.
2. Freedom of speech
– the internet allows anyone who may not have the courage to reach out to
others with their ideas. This means that people who have a certain view can get
support without being worried about other laughing at them.
(Negative)
1. Crime on the
internet- internet helps us to connect with whole world for exchange of our
views and material with the help of internet we can send e-mail message. Sell
any item as well as purchase any item and we can use video conferencing.
However these are some of the uses which are helpful for us. But many crimes
are also sleeking into the internet. Here are some of crimes which are done
using the internet.
1. Illegal or
offensive material shown on website
2. Computerized Fraud
3. Virus
3. Virus
4. Disgusting emails etc.
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